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Cities of the Underworld: Secret Pagan Underground - Cappadocia

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Rome: Rise and Fall of an Empire - Julius Caesar

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republic

Country where the head of state is not a monarch, either hereditary or elected, but usually a president, whose role may or may not include political functions.

A republic may be an aristocracy, oligarchy, or democracy. The earliest republics, those of Greece and Rome, were mainly aristocratic city‐states as were the medieval republics of Venice, Florence, Genoa, and other Italian towns.

France has been a republic from 1793 to 1805, from 1848 to 1853, and from 1870 to the present time. Mexico has been a republic from 1824 to 1863, and from 1867 to the present time. Spain was a republic from 1873 to 1874, and again from 1931 to 1947, when it became theoretically a monarchy. Portugal from 1910, Poland from 1916, China from 1912, Germany from 1918, and Italy from 1945. San Marino and Andorra are the smallest republics. Germany, Switzerland, and the USA are federal republics. Several former British colonies, for example India, Ghana, Nigeria, and Zambia, have become republics since attaining independence, while remaining within the Commonwealth, of which the Queen is the head.


From the Hutchinson Encyclopedia of World History. © Research Machines plc [2006] All Rights Reserved, Helicon Publishing is a division of Research Machines.
135 listings
 
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Sudan
Chechnya in Focus
Rwanda
4 January 1998
Loyalist prisoners in Maze Prison, Northern Ireland, vote to withdraw support for the Ulster Peace Process. They claim that too many concessions have been made to Republicans.
8 January 1959
French leader Charles de Gaulle is inaugurated at the Elysée Palace as the first President of the new Fifth Republic.
9 January 1998
Northern Ireland Secretary Dr Mo Mowlam makes a controversial visit to the Maze Prison in Belfast, Northern Ireland to talk to Loyalist and Republican terrorists.
11 January 1946

Enver Hoxha proclaims the People’s Republic of Albania.

12 January 1964

A Republic is proclaimed by revolutionaries in Zanzibar.

14 January 1947
In France, Vincent-Auriol is elected first President of the Fourth Republic.
15 January 1970

The Republic of Biafra, a breakaway state of eastern Nigeria, surrenders to the Nigerian government after three years of resistance.

16 January 2001
The President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Laurent Kabila, is shot by one of his own bodyguards. He later dies from his wounds.
21 January 1925

Albania declares itself a republic.

23 January 1989

A powerful earthquake hits the Soviet Central Asian republic of Tajikistan. Hundreds of people are feared dead.

26 January 1950

India becomes an independent Republic.

2 February 2003
Václav Havel, the last President of Czechoslovakia and the first President of the Czech Republic, ends his time in office as the latter.
4 February 2003
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is renamed Serbia and Montenegro to form a confederation of states.
6 February 1934
In France, an extremist right wing rally in Paris attempts a coup against the Third Republic.
8 February 1849
The New Roman Republic established.
9 February 1822
Haiti invades San Domingo (the Dominican Republic).
11 February 1919
In Germany, Friedrich Ebert assumes his position as the first President of the Weimer Republic.
12 February 2002

The trial of former President of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Slobodan Milosevic begins at the United Nations war crimes tribunal in The Hague.

15 February 1950

The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China sign a mutual defence and assistance treaty.

19 February 1807

Former U.S. vice president, Aaron Burr, is arrested in Alabama on charges of plotting to annex Spanish territory in Louisiana and Mexico to be used toward the establishment of an independent republic.

27 February 1844

The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.

29 February 1956
Pakistan becomes an Islamic Republic.
2 March 1970
Rhodesia declares the Universal Declaration of Independence – breaking from Britain to become an independent republic, under the leadership of Ian Smith.
4 March 2001
The dissent republican group, the Real IRA, explode a massive car bomb outside the BBC Television Centre in London.
10 March 1912
Yuan Shikai is sworn in as the provisional President of the Republic of China.
15 March 2003
Hu Jintao becomes the new President of the People's Republic of China.
20 March 1854
The Republican Party is established in America.
27 March 1993
Jiang Zemin becomes President of the People's Republic of China.
28 March 2004
The government of the Democratic Republic of Congo quashes an attempted coup. 
5 April 1242
The Teutonic Knights are defeated by the Novgorod Feudal Republic (a Russian state) at the Battle of Ice.
13 April 1919
During the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea – the government in exile – is formed.
14 April 1931
The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed. King Alfonso XIII flees the country.
16 April 2003
The Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens paving the way for the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia to join the EU in 2004. 
18 April 1949
Ireland becomes officially known as the Republic of Ireland.
21 April 1836
During the Texas Revolution, Republic of Texas troops defeat the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto.  
24 April 1970
Gambia becomes a Republic.
28 April 1965
22,000 U.S. troops land in the Dominican Republic in order to prevent, what President Johnson calls, a “communist dictatorship” taking over the country.
1 May 2004
Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia join the European Union.
7 May 1920
The Polish army, with the support of Ukrainian Republican troops, seize Kiev from the Soviet Red Army.
17 May 1974
A series of bombs, planted by the Ulster Volvunter force, in Dublin and Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland kill a combined total of 23 people.
18 May 1860
In America, Abraham Lincoln is nominated as the Republican Presidential candidate.
21 May 1988
Soviet Leader Mikhail Gorbachev dismisses the leaders of the Communist Parties of the two Soviet Republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan respectively.
22 May 1972
Ceylon changes its name Sri Lanka, becoming a Republic within the British Commonwealth.
23 May 1949
The Federal Republic of Germany is established.
28 May 1926
A military coup ends the Portuguese First Republic instigating a period of dictatorship which lasts until 1974. 
31 May 1961
South Africa becomes an independent republic.
2 June 1946
Italy abolishes its monarchy and proclaims itself a republic.
12 June 1987
Former leader of the Central African Republic, Jean-Bedel Bokassa, is sentenced to death for crimes committed during his 13-year rule of the country. The sentence is later commuted to life in prison.
17 June 1944
The Second World War: Iceland becomes a republic as it separates from Denmark.
18 June 1953
Following a military coup, Egypt is declared a republic.
19 June 1856
In Philadelphia, the first national convention of the Republican Party comes to an end.
1 July 1960
The Republic of Somalia is established.
4 July 1894
The Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed.
6 July 1966
Malawi becomes a republic within the British Commonwealth - with Dr Hastings Banda its first president.
7 July 1898
U.S. President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution annexing the Republic of Hawaii.
8 July 1997
Torrential rains in the Carpathian Mountains cause serious flooding in the Czech Republic, Poland and Germany claiming the lives of 104 people.
17 July 1936
Start of the Spanish Civil War when the army, led by General Franco, revolts against the country's Republican Government.
19 July 1997
The Irish Republican Army, the IRA, announce a major ceasefire in its 28 year campaign to end British rule in Northern Ireland.
6 August 2003
In the Republic of Ireland, Michael McKevitt is found guilty of directing terrorism and membership of the Real IRA of which it is thought he is the leader. The next day McKevitt is sentenced to 20 years in prison.
7 August
A combined republican army of Colombians and Venezuelans defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Boyacá in Colombia.
8 August 1968
At the Republican National Convention in Miami, Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew are chosen as the presidential and vice-presidential nominees for the upcoming American election.
9 August 1965
Singapore gains its independence, becoming an independent republic within the British Commonwealth after seceding from Malaysia.
13 August 1960
The Central African Republic gains independence from France.
15 August 1960
The Republic of the Congo gains independence from France.
16 August 1960
Cyprus becomes an independent republic, with Archbishop Makarios its first president.
22 August 1922
Irish republican Michael Collins, the founder of Sinn Fein, is assassinated by extremist republicans in an ambush in Ireland.
30 August 1922
Greco-Turkish War: Turkey defeats Greece at the Battle of Dumlupınar, which eventually leads to the creation of the Turkish Republic.
1 September 1807
Former U.S. vice president Aaron Burr is acquitted of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Spanish territory in Mexico to be used toward the establishment of an independent republic.
2 September 1945
Ho Chi Minh proclaims the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).
3 September 1930
More than 8,000 people killed by a hurricane in the Dominican Republic.
4 September 1870
Emperor Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, is deposed and the Third Republic declared by France.
6 September 1991
The Soviet Union recognises the independent Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
8 September 1991
The Republic of Macedonia gains independence from Yugoslavia.
9 September 1991
The Republic of Tajikistan declares independence from the Soviet Union.
11 September
Ecuador becomes a Republic within the Confederation of Colombia.
22 September 1792
French Revolution: The proclamation of France as a Republic.
1 October 1949
Mao Zedong proclaims The People's Republic of China.
3 October 1981
Republican hunger-strikers at the H-block in the Maze prison in Northern Ireland finally give up their protest after 8 months. During that time 10 of their fellow protesters died of starvation.
5 October 1910
Portugal is proclaimed a republic under the leadership of Theophilo Braga.
6 October 2000
Slobodan Milosevic quits as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
7 October 1949
The German Democratic Republic is established.
9 October 1970
Cambodian leader Lon Nol declares the country a republic by proclaiming the Khmer Republic. 
10 October 1911
The start of the Wuchang Uprising in China which ultimately leads to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.
11 October 1899
The start of the Second Boer War between the British Empire and the Republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal in southern Africa.
13 October 1946
France adopts the constitution of the Fourth Republic.
15 October 1987
The Governor-General of Fiji resign as, following a military coup in September, the country moves one step closer to becoming a republic.
23 October 1989
President Mátyás Szűrös proclaims the Hungarian Republic, ending Soviet domination of the country. 
25 October 1997
Denis Sassou-Nguesso proclaims himself the President of the Republic of the Congo.
26 October 1955
Ngo Dinh Diem proclaims the Republic of Vietnam with himself as its first president.
27 October 1971
The Republic of Congo changes its name to the Republic of Zaire.
29 October 1923
Turkey is proclaimed a Republic.
2 November 1948
In the greatest upset in presidential election history, Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman defeats his Republican challenger, Governor Thomas E. Dewey to remain the U.S. President.
4 November 1952
Second World War commander Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democrat Adlai Stevenson in the American Presidential election.
5 November 1968
In America, Republican candidate Richard Nixon becomes the 37th U.S. President.
6 November 1999
A national referendum in Australia rejects breaking from the British monarchy and creating an Australian republic.
7 November 2000
Americans vote in what turns out to be one of the most controversial Presidential elections in America history.  Republican George W. Bush is eventually proclaimed the winner, but having lost the popular vote to Vice President Al Gore. 
8 November 1990
Mary Robinson is elected as President of the Republic of Ireland, the first female to hold the position.
15 November 1985
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Prime Minister Garret Fitzgerald sign the Anglo-Irish Agreement in Dublin, instigating regular conferences between Britain and the Republic of Ireland about Northern Ireland.
23 November 1979
In the Republic of Ireland, IRA member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for planting the bomb which killed Lord Mountbatten and two companions.
26 November 1972
In the Republic of Ireland, the IRA attempt to rescue one of its members, Sean MacStiofain, from a hospital in Dublin – the attempt is foiled by police.
29 November 1945
In the Balkans, Yugoslavia is proclaimed a Federal People’s Republic under the leadership of Marshal Tito.
30 November 1967
The People’s Republic of South Yemen gains independence from Britain.
1 December 1958
The French colony Ubangi-Shari adopts the name the name Central African Republic as it becomes an autonomous territory within the French Community.
6 December 2006
Joseph Kabila is inaugurated as President of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
8 December 1991
The beginning of the end of the Soviet Union; three of the major republics - Russia, Ukraine and Belarus unite to form the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
10 December 1508
The Papacy, France, the Holy Roman Empire and Spain conclude form the League of Cambrai against the Republic of Venice.
11 December 1958
French colony, Upper Volta, now Burkina Faso, becomes a republic and gains self-governance.
12 December 1964
Kenya becomes a republic with Jomo Kenyatta as its first President.
13 December 1974
Malta becomes a republic.
15 December 1978
President Jimmy Carter states that as of 1st January 1979, the United States will formally recognise the People's Republic of China and sever relations with Taiwan.
16 December 2005
In Northern Ireland, veteran republican Denis Donaldson is expelled from Sinn Fein after he admits that he has been spying on the republican movement for the British. 
18 December 2006
Following a poor performance for the Republican Party in the Congressional mid-term elections explained largely by America’s failing policy in Iraq, U.S. Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld resigns. 
21 December 1991
11 of the 12 Soviet republics declare that they are forming the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
25 December 1947
The Constitution of the Republic of China comes into effect.
29 December 1911
Sun Yat Sen becomes the first provisional President of the Republic of China.
30 December 1922
Russia officially becomes the USSR - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
31 December 1968
Marien Ngouabi becomes President of The Republic of the Congo.
3 December 1976
Patrick Hillery is elected President of the Republic of Ireland.
2 December 1805
Napoleon defeats Austro-Russian armies at the battle of Austerlitz in the modern day Czech Republic.
 

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