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ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST CENTURY: Order from Chaos

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order

In classical architecture, the column (including capital, shaft, and base) and the entablature, considered as an architectural whole. The five orders are Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite.

The earliest order was the Doric (without a base), which originated before the 5th century BC, soon followed by the Ionic (with scroll‐like capitals), which was first found in Asia Minor. The Corinthian (with leaves in the capitals) dates from the end of the 5th century BC, while the Composite appears first on the arch of Titus in Rome AD 82. No Tuscan columns survive from antiquity, although the order was thought to originate in Etruscan times. The five orders were described in detail by the Italian Sebastiano Serlio in his treatise on architecture 1537–51.

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4 January 1642
Under the orders of King Charles I, armed soldiers enter Parliament. The English Civil War started shortly afterwards.

5 January 1945

Japanese pilots are first ordered to use Kamikaze (‘Divine Wind’ in Japanese) tactics.

10 January 1923

Warren G. Harding, the American President, orders U.S. occupation troops stationed in Germany since the end of the First World War to return home.

11 January 1916

World War I: In order to provide a safe area for the thousands of refugees fleeing the fighting in Serbia, French forces take formal military control of the Greek island of Corfu.

15 January 1973

Following peace talks in Paris, US President Nixon orders a halt to American bombing in Vietnam.

18 January 1972
Two leading campaigners from black majority rule in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), the former Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, Garfield Todd and his daughter, Judith, are both arrested upon the orders of Rhodesian Prime Minster, Ian Smith.

21 January 1992

The United Nations orders Libya to hand over the intelligence agents accused of the Lockerbie and French airliner bombings.

30 January 1991

The Gulf War: The Allies suffer their first casualties of the war as twelve American soldiers are killed when Iraqi troops take control of the Saudi Arabian border town Al Khafji.

18 February 1954

Robert Stevens, Secretary of the US army, orders two generals subpoenaed by anti-Communist senator Joseph McCarthy, to ignore the summons.

19 February 1942

The Second World War: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs executive order 9066, allowing the removal of anybody from military areas ‘as deemed necessary or desirable’. This order is used to intern Japanese-Americans.

2 March 1969
Russian and Chinese forces exchange fire at a border outpost on the Ussuri River in eastern Russia.

5 March 1940
The Second World War: The Soviet politburo signs an order for the execution of thousands of Polish citizens, known as the Katyn massacre.

6 March 1970
In order to curb the spread of rabies, the British Government introduces an indefinite ban on the importation of domestic pets.

7 March 1965
Acting upon the orders of Governor George Wallace, state troopers and volunteer officers disperse a civil rights demonstration in Alabama. At least 50 protesters are injured in the course of the police action.

9 March 1956
British authorities order the deportation the Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios, from Cyprus in attempt to restore order to the island.

16 March 1988
In an attempt to put pressure on the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua, President Ronald Reagan orders over 3,000 U.S. troops to Honduras, claiming that Nicaraguan soldiers had crossed its borders.

20 March 2003
The US and her allies launch an invasion of Iraq in order to topple the regime of dictator Saddam Hussein.

20 April 2005
Italian Prime Minister, Silvio Berlusconi, resigns in order to try and form a new coalition government.

22 April 2000
American Federal Agents seize six year old Elian Gonzalez from his relatives in Florida in order to send him back to his father in Cuba, after Elian had ended up shipwrecked on the Florida coast.

28 April 1965
22,000 U.S. troops land in the Dominican Republic in order to prevent, what President Johnson calls, a “communist dictatorship” taking over the country.

19 May 1802
Napoleon Bonaparte creates the French Legion d'Honeur - an order of distinction for either civil or military service.

30 May 1814
The Treaty of Paris is signed which returns France to its 1792 borders.

15 June 2000
The vast majority of British troops sent to Sierra Leone to help restore order in the war torn country finish their mission and head back home.

17 June 1953
The Soviet Union orders an entire armoured division of its troops into East Berlin to crush a rebellion by workers and anti-government protesters.

24 June 1675
In colonial New England, King Philip’s War begins when a band of Wampanoag warriors raid the border settlement of Swansee, Massachusetts and massacre the English colonists there.

26 June 1993
President Bill Clinton orders U.S. warships to fire cruise missiles at Iraqi intelligence headquarters in downtown Baghdad in retaliation for an Iraqi plot to assassinate former U.S. President George Bush.

30 June 1934
In Germany, the ‘Night of the Long Knives’, several hundred members of the SA and other senior members of the Nazi Party are killed by the SS on the orders of Adolf Hitler for allegedly being involved in a plot to assassinate him.

6 July 1992
The French government order the police and army to forcefully remove lorries blocking the country’s major roads who are protesting against driving licence laws.

24 July 1974
The United States Supreme Court orders President Nixon to hand over tape recordings of White House conversations about the Watergate affair.

28 July 1932
During the Great Depression, President Herbert Hoover orders the U.S. Army under General Douglas MacArthur to evict by force the Bonus Marchers from Washington D.C. The marches consisted of approximately 1000 First World War veterans seeking cash payments for their veterans’ bonus certificates.

31 July 1941
The Second World War: Herman Goering, writing under instructions from Hitler, orders SS General Reinhard Heydrich to prepare plans for the Final Solution.

5 August 1981
In America, President Ronald Reagan begins firing 11,359 air-traffic controllers on strike in violation of his order for them to return to work.

11 August 1984
In order to test a microphone before a radio broadcast American President Ronald Reagan famously jokes, “My fellow Americans, I am pleased to tell you today that I’ve signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes."

18 August 1917
The First World War: The Italian army launches their 11th battle against Austro-Hungarian troops on the Isonzo River, near Italy’s border with Austria-Hungary.

24 August 1572
The St Bartholomew’s Day massacre is ordered by Charles IX - the killing of thousands of French Huguenots.

5 September 2006
Pakistan signs an agreement with pro-Taliban militants in the state of Waziristan on the Pakistan – Afghan border which ends hostiles between the militants and the Pakistani government.

7 September 1992
24 people are killed by South African soldiers at an ANC demonstration at the border of Ciskei in South Africa.

9 September 1999
In Northern Ireland, the Police Review Commission recommends that the Royal Ulster Constabulary should undertake several reforms in order to make it a police service for the whole community.

20 September 1999
A UN peacekeeping force arrives in East Timor to try and restore order.

21 September 1964
The British Admiralty announces that it has annexed Rockall a tiny formation of rocks 300 miles of the west coast of Scotland in order to prevent the Soviets spying on missile tests.

22 September 1862
Abraham Lincoln makes his initial emancipation proclamation, abolishing slavery and ordering that all slaves should be free from 1st January 1863.

28 September 48BC
Upon landing in Egypt, Roman general and politician Pompey is murdered on the orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt.

29 September 1997
British scientists establish link between Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, a brain disorder which humans, and a brain disease found in cows, which produces BSE infected meat.

5 October 1994
In Switzerland, 48 members of the Order of the Solar Temple sect commit mass suicide.

11 October 1976
Following the death of Mao Zedong, Chinese premier Hua Guofeng orders the arrest of the Gang of Four, bringing some semblance of order back to China.

19 October 1466
The victorious Kingdom of Poland and the defeated Teutonic Order sign the Second Treaty of Toruń to end the Thirteen Years' War.

20 October 1973
In America, President Richard Nixon orders Solicitor General Robert Bork to dismiss Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox; Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus resign in protest.

23 October 1941
The Second World War: Chief of the Soviet general staff, Georgi Zhukov, assumes command of Red Army operations in order to try and prevent Germany’s rapid advance into the heart of Russia.

26 October 1994
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin and King Hussein of Jordan sign a peace treaty on the Israeli-Jordanian border.

27 October 1795
Treaty of Madrid is signed between the United States and Spain which defines the borders of the U.S. and its Spanish colonies.

28 October 1962
The Cuban Missile Crisis comes to an end when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev orders the withdrawal of Soviet missiles from Cuba.

3 November 1941
The Second World War: The Combined Japanese Fleet receive Top-Secret Order No. 1: In 34 days time, Pearl Harbor is to be bombed, along with Mayala, the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines.

13 November 1002
In England, King Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in the country, known as the St. Brice's Day massacre.

18 November 1967
In attempt to stop the spread of foot-and-mouth disease in Britain, the government orders a ban on the movement of farm animals across the country.

27 November 1095
Pope Urban II makes a speech giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of “Deus volt!” – “God wills it!”

28 November 1967
In Britain, horse racing is suspended indefinitely in order to try and prevent the spread of foot-and-mouth disease.

1 December 1934
A leading member of the Russian Revolution, Sergey Kirov, who was also a high-ranking member of the Soviet Politburo, is shot to dead probably on the orders of Stalin.

4 December 2003
America ends its protectionist steel policy, by withdrawing a tax on foreign steel imports, in order to avoid a trade war with Europe.

9 December 1992

U.S. troops land in Somalia in attempt to restore order in the country and help combat the famine.

12 December 1967
The Court of Appeal in England overturns Rolling Stones’ guitarist Brian Jones’ 9 month jail sentence foe possession of drugs, ordering him to instead pay a fine and place him on probation.

26 December 2006
The Appeals Court is Iraq turns down Saddam Hussein’s appeal against the death sentence handed down to him for ordering the deaths of 148 people in the town Dujail in 1982.

29 December 1170
In England, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Beckett, is murdered in his own cathedral by four knights believing they are acting on direct orders from King Henry II.

30 December 2006
Former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein is hanged by the Iraqi government having been found guilty of ordering the deaths of 148 people in the town Dujail in 1982.

1776: United States declares independence
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ENCYCLOPEDIA

ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST CENTURY: Order from Chaos

THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN COLOUR: A New World Order >>>

The Kursk: A Submarine in Troubled Waters

order

Ancient Chinese Sports

Sat 4 Jul 9.00pm

The Plague (Part 2 of 2)

Sat 4 Jul 10.00pm