ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE FIRST CENTURY: Order from Chaos

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THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN COLOUR: A New World Order  >>>

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The Kursk: A Submarine in Troubled Waters

Sat September 13th at 2:00pm
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order

In classical architecture, the column (including capital, shaft, and base) and the entablature, considered as an architectural whole. The five orders are Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite.

The earliest order was the Doric (without a base), which originated before the 5th century BC, soon followed by the Ionic (with scroll‐like capitals), which was first found in Asia Minor. The Corinthian (with leaves in the capitals) dates from the end of the 5th century BC, while the Composite appears first on the arch of Titus in Rome AD 82. No Tuscan columns survive from antiquity, although the order was thought to originate in Etruscan times. The five orders were described in detail by the Italian Sebastiano Serlio in his treatise on architecture 1537–51.


From the Hutchinson Encyclopedia of World History. © Research Machines plc [2006] All Rights Reserved, Helicon Publishing is a division of Research Machines.
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4 January 1642
Under the orders of King Charles I, armed soldiers enter Parliament. The English Civil War started shortly afterwards.
5 January 1945

Japanese pilots are first ordered to use Kamikaze (‘Divine Wind’ in Japanese) tactics.

10 January 1923

Warren G. Harding, the American President, orders U.S. occupation troops stationed in Germany since the end of the First World War to return home.

11 January 1916

World War I: In order to provide a safe area for the thousands of refugees fleeing the fighting in Serbia, French forces take formal military control of the Greek island of Corfu.

15 January 1973

Following peace talks in Paris, US President Nixon orders a halt to American bombing in Vietnam.

18 January 1972
Two leading campaigners from black majority rule in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), the former Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, Garfield Todd and his daughter, Judith, are both arrested upon the orders of Rhodesian Prime Minster, Ian Smith.
21 January 1992

The United Nations orders Libya to hand over the intelligence agents accused of the Lockerbie and French airliner bombings.

30 January 1991

The Gulf War: The Allies suffer their first casualties of the war as twelve American soldiers are killed when Iraqi troops take control of the Saudi Arabian border town Al Khafji.

18 February 1954

Robert Stevens, Secretary of the US army, orders two generals subpoenaed by anti-Communist senator Joseph McCarthy, to ignore the summons.

19 February 1942

The Second World War: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs executive order 9066, allowing the removal of anybody from military areas ‘as deemed necessary or desirable’. This order is used to intern Japanese-Americans.

2 March 1969
Russian and Chinese forces exchange fire at a border outpost on the Ussuri River in eastern Russia.
5 March 1940
The Second World War: The Soviet politburo signs an order for the execution of thousands of Polish citizens, known as the Katyn massacre.
6 March 1970
In order to curb the spread of rabies, the British Government introduces an indefinite ban on the importation of domestic pets.
7 March 1965
Acting upon the orders of Governor George Wallace, state troopers and volunteer officers disperse a civil rights demonstration in Alabama. At least 50 protesters are injured in the course of the police action.
9 March 1956
British authorities order the deportation the Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios, from Cyprus in attempt to restore order to the island.
15 March 1916
US force of 12,000 soldiers under General Pershing is ordered to Mexico to capture revolutionary leader Pancho Villa.
20 March 2003
The US and her allies launch an invasion of Iraq in order to topple the regime of dictator Saddam Hussein.
15 April 1986
USAF planes based in Britain, bomb Libya in retaliation for various acts of international terrorism thought to have been ordered by Libyan dictator Colonel Gadaffi.
24 April 1965
The official opening of the Pennine Way in England - a 250 mile path along the Pennine Hills from Edale in Derbyshire to Kirk Yetholm on the Scottish border.
2 May 1968
In Spain, General Franco orders the closing of the frontier between Spain and Gibraltar.
9 May 1933
In Germany, Chancellor Adolf Hitler orders the burning of 'un-German' books. A large bonfire of books is set alight in front of Berlin University. Other such bonfires are lit around Germany. Authors considered 'un-German' include Karl Marx; Sigmund Freud, Bertolt Brecht and Albert Einstein.
12 May 1588
Spanish Armada sets sail from Lisbon (by order of Philip II of Spain) to invade England. It consists of approx 130 ships and 30,000 men. Less than half the ships finally return to Spain after being defeated at sea.
19 May 1802
Napoleon Bonaparte creates the French Legion d'Honeur - an order of distinction for either civil or military service.
23 June 1872
The world's first practical typewriter is patented by Christopher Sholes in Milwaukee, USA with keys laid out in alphabetical order.
30 June 1934
In Germany, the 'Night of the Long Knives' when several hundred members of the SA and other senior members of the Nazi Party are killed by the SS on the orders of Adolf Hitler for allegedly being involved in a plot to assassinate him.
2 July 1940
World War II: Adolf Hitler orders German military commanders to draw up plans for the invasion of England.
3 July 1905
At least 6,000 people are killed by Russian troops in the town of Odessa to restore order during a general strike.
6 July 1907
In Ireland, the state jewels of the Order of St Patrick are stolen from Dublin Castle.
11 July 1995
English actor Hugh Grant is fined $750 by a court in Los Angeles court, put on probation for two years and ordered to take an Aids Education Course after admitting to lewd conduct with a prostitute.
24 July 1986
'Live Aid' organiser Bob Geldof is made an honorary knight of the most Excellent Order of the British Empire.
7 August 1782
George Washington establishes the Order of the Purple Heart - a decoration for US soldiers wounded in combat.
13 August 1961
East German border guards stop vehicles passing between east and west Berlin via the Brandenburg Gate. Barbed wire is strewn across the road - to be replaced later by the Berlin Wall.
14 August 1986
Pakistan politician Benazir Bhutto, eldest daughter of former president Ali Bhutto who had been executed for murder and corruption in 1979, is arrested and detained in prison under the orders of President Zia.
24 August 1572
The St Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris after Charles IX orders the killing of thousands of French Huguenots. An estimate 70,000 are put to deaththroughout France.
10 September 1989
Against the wishes of the East German Government, Hungary opens its western border allowing thousands of East German citizens to leave the country.
12 September 1969
American President Richard Nixon orders the bombing of NorthVietnam to be resumed.
14 September 1812
Napoleon Bonaparte's French Army enters the city of Moscow - which has been abandonned and set on fire by the retreating Russians. It proves to be the turning point in the invasion of Russia. The French occupation lastslittle more than a month before Napoleon orders his army to retreat.
20 September 1906
An Imperial Edict in China orders the end of the use of opium within 10 years.
22 September 1862
Abraham Lincoln makes his emancipation declaration abolishing slavery and orders the freeing of all slaves from January 1st, 1863.
3 October 1226
Death of St Francis of Assisi - founder of the Franciscan Order of monks.
7 October 1994
More than 60,000 Iraqi troops begin a '10 day deployment ' in Southern Iraq near its border with Kuwait.
26 October 1994
Isreali Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin and Jordanian Prime Minister Abdul Al Majah sign a peace treaty on the Isreali-Jordanian border ending 46 years of war.
28 October 1962
The end of the 'Cuban Missile Crisis' when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev orders Russian missiles on their way to specially-built rocket sites in Cuba to sail away and orders the bases, threatening the United States of America to be dismantled.
1 November 1944
Britain's Home Guard, formed in 1939 to fight the expected German invasion, is ordered to disband.
2 November 1962
US President John Kennedy announces that the 'Cuban Missile Crisis' is over - after ships carrying nuclear missiles to Cuba are ordered to return to Russia.
11 November 1952
In California, American inventors John Mullin and Wayne Johnson demonstrate the world's first video recorder.
23 November 1976
British comedians Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise receive the Order of the British Empire (OBE) from Queen Elizabeth II.
26 November 1940
World War II: The Germans order 500,000 Polish Jews to live inside a walled ghetto in Warsaw.
29 November 1907
British nurse Florence Nightingale, 'the lady of the lamp', is presented with the Order of Merit by Edward VII of England for her work tending the wounded during the Crimean War.
6 December 1993
An American court orders actress Zsa Zsa Gabor and her husband to pay $1.3million damages for libelling German film star Elke Sommer.
13 December 1973
British Government orders a 3-day working week following an Arab oil embargo and industrial action by the country's miners.
29 December 1675
In Britain, Parliament orders the closing of all coffee houses believing they are centres of malicious gossip about the Government.
 

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