Buildings that Shaped Britain: Castles and Monasteries  >>>

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Fire and Ice

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Cannibalism: Extreme Survival

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Cromwell, Thomas (c. 1485–1540)

English politician who drafted the legislation that made the Church of England independent of Rome. Originally in Lord Chancellor Wolsey's service, he became secretary to Henry VIII in 1534 and the real director of government policy; he was executed for treason. He was created a baron in 1536.

Cromwell had Henry divorced from Catherine of Aragon by a series of acts that proclaimed him head of the church. From 1536 to 1540 Cromwell suppressed the monasteries, ruthlessly crushed all opposition, and favoured Lutheranism. His mistake in arranging Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves (to cement an alliance with the German Protestant princes against France and the Holy Roman Empire) led to his being accused of treason and beheaded.


From the Hutchinson Encyclopedia of World History. © Research Machines plc [2006] All Rights Reserved, Helicon Publishing is a division of Research Machines.
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Samuel Pepys
30 January 1661

In England, Oliver Cromwell is posthumously executed. His severed head is displayed on a pole outside Westminster Abbey until 1684.

17 March 1649
Oliver Cromwell abolishes the position of King of England and the House of Lords and declares England a Commonwealth.
23 April 1661
Charles II is crowned King of England - completing the restoration of the monarchy. His father, Charles I, had been beheaded by Oliver Cromwell following the English Civil War.
8 May 1660
Charles II is proclaimed King of England. Restoration of the monarchy after the English Civil War and the reign of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector.
25 May 1659
In England, Lord protector Richard Cromwell, son of Oliver, resigns his position - leading to the restoration of the monarchy and the crowning of Charles II in 1660.
14 June 1645
English Civil War: Battle of Naseby, Northamptonshire. Parliamentary forces commanded by Oliver Cromwell defeat the Royalist troops of Charles I despite being heavily outnumbered.
2 July 1644
English Civil War: The Battle of Marston Moor. The first victory of the war for the Parliamentary forces with Cromwell's Roundhead Army defeating the Royalist Cavaliers, commanded by Prince Rupert.
3 September 1651
Battle of Worcester during the English Civil War. Defeat for the Royalist supporters of Charles II by the Parliamentary army commanded by Oliver Cromwell.
6 September 1651
Charles II famously spends the night hidden in an oak tree at Boscobel after his defeat by Oliver Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester.
11 September 1649
English troops, commanded by Oliver Cromwell, besiege Drogheda in Ireland. When the town is finally captured, most of the inhabitants are massacred.
17 October 1651
Charles II defeated at the Battle of Worcester, and flees to France after famously escaping from Oliver Cromwell's forces by hiding in an oak tree.
16 December 1653
In England, Oliver Cromwell pronounces himself Lord Protector - a position he holds for the next four years.
24 December 1650
Edinburgh Castle in Scotland surrenders to troops commanded by Oliver Cromwell.
 

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